How it works
Where the heat actually lands
Radio frequency is an electromagnetic field, not light. Drive it through tissue and water molecules in the dermis start moving; that friction is the heat source. Collagen contracts once it's warmed into the low-to-mid 40s Celsius, and that's the same-day tightening clients notice on the table. The durable change arrives later, through a wound-healing sequence (inflammatory, proliferative, remodelling) that builds new collagen over the following weeks. Zelickson and colleagues documented the fibril-level version of this in Archives of Dermatology in 2004, reporting collagen fibrils with increased diameter and loss of distinct borders after RF exposure.
Because the energy receptor is water and not pigment, tissue colour barely enters the equation. Surface thermal control does. That's the whole job of contact cooling: hold the epidermis near freezing while the dermis climbs. Our engineering archive states the working window plainly. Around 40 to 41 C maintained for one to two minutes on facial skin, three to five minutes where skin is thick, and an epidermal end point that has to stay under 45 C. Cross that line and you aren't tightening anything. You're burning it.
Mode selection in practice
Bi-polar for face and neck. Mono-polar for body, with the return patch placed on the back when the abdomen is being treated. Dwell times separate the two as well: archive protocols run roughly 6 to 8 seconds per facial zone against 12 to 16 seconds on body zones, with a one to two second delay between shots. Body work is gridded, typically 100 to 225 cm2 fields, three passes, sessions spaced about a fortnight apart across four to six visits. The neck earns its own warning. Skin there is thin, it heats faster than anywhere else the handpiece touches, and the thyroid region stays off the treatment map.
What the settings will not do
Turning the dial up doesn't buy depth. Depth comes from electrode geometry and mode, so a hot bi-polar pass is still a shallow pass, just a riskier one. Compare tip configuration and cooling first when you evaluate RF platforms. Watt ratings second.



